Studies in animals have consistently observed adverse effects on the nervous system following ingestion of high levels of aluminum, which supports effects seen in human studies. However, these studies have a number of design limitations and do not provide strong evidence that aluminum can cause these diseases. Studies in humans have found possible associations between aluminum ingestion and diseases of the nervous system. Health effectsĪluminum is not an essential element. Intake of aluminum from drinking water is not expected to occur through either skin contact or inhalation. Aluminum concentrations in water vary across Canada, with surface water generally presenting higher concentrations than groundwater. The main source for Canadians' exposure is through food, followed sequentially by exposure through soil, drinking water and air. The Canadian population is exposed to aluminum from its presence in the environment and from a variety of products and processes. In addition, aluminum can be added to drinking water as a result of using activated alumina treatment to remove other contaminants (e.g., arsenic, fluoride). Aluminum is also an impurity found in other water treatment chemicals and can leach into drinking water from cement-based materials. Aluminum salts are commonly added as coagulants during water treatment to remove turbidity, organic matter and microorganisms. The metal is used for many purposes: in the production of construction materials, vehicles, aircraft and electronics in pharmaceuticals and personal care products as food additive and as a component of food packaging materials. It may be present in water from natural sources or as a result of human activities. ExposureĪluminum is a metal widely distributed in nature. This guideline technical document was prepared in collaboration with the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Committee on Drinking Water and assesses all available information on aluminum. Any strategy used to minimize residual aluminum concentrations must not compromise the removal of pathogens or interfere with the removal of disinfection by-product precursors. Coagulant under-dosing results in substantial deterioration of pathogen removal capability and increases residual aluminum concentrations. Strict pH control and adequate coagulant dosing are necessary to optimize coagulation and minimize aluminum residual concentrations. The sampling frequency required to calculate the locational running annual average will vary based on the type of treatment facility and the sampling location. This value is based on a locational running annual average. The operational guidance (OG) value for total aluminum in drinking water is 0.100 mg/L (100 μg/L) to optimize water treatment and distribution system operations. The maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) for total aluminum in drinking water is 2.9 mg/L (2 900 μg/L) based on a locational running annual average of a minimum of quarterly samples taken in the distribution system. Appendix B: Canadian water quality data.5.2.5 Deposit characterization and inventory.4.3.2 Leaching of aluminum from cement-based materials. 4.3.1 Aluminum deposition and accumulation.4.2.1.4 Other treatment options for naturally occurring aluminum.4.2.1.3 Use of certified chemicals with minimal aluminum content.4.2.1.1 Use of aluminum-based coagulants.4.1.3 Sample preservation and preparation.4.1.2 Online and portable colorimetric analyzers.4.1 Analytical methods to detect aluminum.Analytical and treatment considerations.Operational and aesthetic considerations.
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